磁迁移靶向防腐材料：腐蚀防护研究进展及在钢筋混凝土工程中的应用前景
Magnetic migration targeted anticorrosive materials: Research progress of corrosion protection and application prospects in reinforced concrete engineering
关键词：
磁迁移；钢筋混凝土；防腐材料；钢筋锈蚀；纳米材料
Key words：
Magnetic migration; Reinforced concrete; Anticorrosive material; Reinforcement corrosion; Nano material
刊期：
2026年第9期
DOI：
10.19761/j.1000-4637.26020069
文章编号：
基金项目：
国家自然科学基金青年项目（52409168）；江苏省自然科学基金青年项目（BK20230119）；西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室开放基金项目（2024KFKT-15）；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目（Y425006）。
作者：
杨 恒1，2，廉 锟3，熊传胜3，*
单位：
1.南京水利科学研究院，江苏 南京 210029；2.西北旱区生态水利工程国家重点实验室，陕西 西安 710048；3.青岛理工大学 土木工程学院，山东 青岛 266033
摘要
摘 要：传统负载型阻锈剂在混凝土中存在迁移能力弱、靶向性差、利用率低的问题。为解决上述技术难题，国内外学者借鉴医学领域磁靶向药物中的磁迁移技术，将其引入混凝土腐蚀防护领域，通过磁迁移技术赋予负载型阻锈剂靶向迁移与可控释放功能。基于此，本文结合磁靶向药物的研究现状，系统综述了磁迁移靶向防腐材料应用于钢筋混凝土腐蚀防护领域的可行性，梳理总结了该类材料的分类、合成、微观形貌及适用工况。依据功能载体类型，可将磁迁移阻锈剂体系划分为微胶囊型、层状双氢氧化物（Layered double hydroxides，LDH）型与MXene型三类。同时，本文深入剖析了磁迁移技术在钢筋混凝土实际工程应用中面临的关键问题，并针对性地提出了后续研究的重点方向。综述成果可为磁迁移靶向防腐材料在钢筋混凝土防腐领域的深化研究与工程应用提供参考。
Abstract: Conventional carrier-based corrosion inhibitors suffer from weak migration capacity, poor targeting performance and low utilization efficiency in concrete. To address these technical challenges, scholars worldwide have introduced the magnetic migration technology adopted in magnetically targeted drugs in the medical field into the field of concrete corrosion protection, endowing carrier-based corrosion inhibitors with targeted migration and controlled release functions. On this basis, combined with the research progress of magnetically targeted drugs, this paper systematically reviews the feasibility of applying magnetic migration targeted anticorrosive materials to the corrosion protection of reinforced concrete, and summarizes the classification, synthesis methods, microscopic morphology and service conditions of such materials. According to the types of functional carriers, magnetic migration corrosion inhibitor systems can be classified into three categories: microcapsule type, layered double hydroxides (LDH) type and MXene type. Meanwhile, this paper deeply analyzes the key problems restricting the practical engineering application of magnetic migration technology in reinforced concrete, and puts forward targeted suggestions on future research priorities. The findings of this review can provide a reference for the in-depth research and engineering application of magnetic migration targeted anticorrosive materials in reinforced concrete.
结论
（1）磁迁移防腐材料通常由磁性颗粒与防腐材料通过共沉淀法、原位聚合法等工艺复合制备而成。根据载体的不同，可将磁迁移防腐材料分为微胶囊类、LDH类和MXene类，其中，微胶囊类可实现对阻锈剂的定序分布与按需释放；LDH类兼具优异的离子交换能力与缓释性能；MXene类则擅长构建高性能物理阻隔层。未来还可探索兼具磁响应、自修复的复合载体，发展绿色、可控的合成策略，以实现多因素协同的智能防腐。
（2）磁迁移防腐材料在不同应用环境中所表现出的作用机理有所不同，在涂层中的磁迁移防腐材料通常作为功能性填料分散于环氧树脂和其他聚合物基体中，通过磁场干预实现磁迁移防腐材料在涂层内部或向金属界面的智能迁移与重组；在溶液中的磁迁移防腐材料则可直接作为功能性添加剂分散于溶液中，在磁场驱动下，磁迁移防腐材料能向金属易腐蚀部位定向迁移与聚集。需要注意的是，在不同环境的磁场干预中，应明确磁场强度范围，以保证磁迁移防腐材料在实现快速响应的同时，防止因磁场过大而聚集。
（3）相较于传统负载型阻锈剂，磁迁移防腐材料展现出了定向快速迁移、利用率高、防护时间长等优势，其作用机理主要体现在以下3方面：一是在磁场驱动下磁迁移防腐材料可定向聚集于金属表面，大幅缩短阻锈剂的传输路径，实现精准快速定向；二是借助磁场诱导构筑物理屏障，延长腐蚀介质的渗透路径，增强涂层的阻隔性能；三是通过磁性颗粒间的紧密聚集抑制阻锈剂的释放速率，实现可控缓释，从而延长保护时间。在此基础上，未来还应进一步建立磁迁移防腐材料在水泥基多孔介质及有机涂层中的多尺度传输动力学模型，并通过长期服役性能评价，为其工程化应用提供理论支撑。
（4）在混凝土拌和阶段掺入磁迁移防腐材料并使其均匀分散于基体内部，是目前最为常用的阻锈剂掺加方式。因此，在混凝土固化前，若能借助磁场诱导磁迁移防腐材料实现定向排列，将显著优化微观结构，增强屏障；或是直接驱动混凝土内部的磁迁移防腐材料向钢筋移动，将显著提高磁迁移防腐材料的利用率。
（5）磁性纳米颗粒在混凝土高碱性环境中的化学稳定性是其长效服役的前提。后续应系统研究磁迁移防腐材料的掺量对水泥基材料水化过程、孔结构、力学性能的影响，并通过表面修饰提升其与水泥基体的相容性，在保障基体性能的前提下实现防腐效能最大化。
（6）磁性颗粒在混凝土多孔介质中的定向迁移是实现靶向输送的核心环节。然而，由于混凝土孔隙结构复杂、连通性随机，磁迁移材料在迁移过程中的穿透能力与靶向精度受到显著制约。因此，后续试验可在混凝土固化前，通过外加磁场引导磁性材料向钢筋表面定向富集，以此来减小固化后的迁移阻力，进而提升迁移效率。
（7）磁迁移技术为解决钢筋混凝土中现有负载型阻锈剂迁移不定向、迁移力弱、环境泄逸等问题提供了一条极具潜力的创新路径。该技术依托磁场精准调控作用，可实现防腐组分定向输运、定点富集与长效缓释，大幅提升阻锈防护效率。同时结合混凝土实际服役环境优化磁性载体结构，能够进一步完善磁控防腐体系，推动智能化、高效化钢筋锈蚀防护技术走向实际工程应用。
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引用本文
杨恒,廉锟,熊传胜.磁迁移靶向防腐材料：腐蚀防护研究进展及在钢筋混凝土工程中的应用前景[J].混凝土与水泥制品,2026,53(9):158-164. Yang Heng,Lian Kun,Xiong Chuansheng.Magnetic migration targeted anticorrosive materials: Research progress of corrosion protection and application prospects in reinforced concrete engineering[J].China Concrete and Cement Products,2026,53(9):158-164 (in Chinese).
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